Finding the best skateboarding shoes involves balancing durability, grip, and comfort. The New Balance Men’s 480 V1 stands out as the overall top pick thanks to its reliable support and cushioning. For those prioritizing style and versatility, the Vans Men’s Brooklyn LS offers a classic look with solid performance. Meanwhile, the Nike SB Zoom Janoski OG+ appeals to skaters seeking premium materials and refined design. Each option presents tradeoffs: some emphasize durability over weight, others favor affordability over advanced support. Keep reading for a detailed breakdown of these and other top skate shoes to find your best fit.
Key Takeaways
- The top-ranked skate shoes balance grip, impact absorption, and durability for consistent performance.
- Vans dominates with classic styles that blend skate functionality with streetwear appeal, but may sacrifice some support for style.
- Premium models like Nike SB Janoski deliver refined materials and better overall construction, at a higher price point.
- Price-sensitive skaters should consider models like DVS Celsius or New Balance 272, which offer decent performance for less.
- Lighter shoes tend to sacrifice some durability, so choosing between weight and longevity is a key consideration.
| New Balance Men’s 480 V1 Sneakers |  | Best Comfort and Impact Protection | Origin: Imported | Sole material: Rubber | Outer material: Suede | VIEW LATEST PRICE | See Our Full Breakdown |
| Vans Men’s Brooklyn LS Sneakers |  | Best Style and Durability | Origin: Imported | Sole material: Rubber | Shaft height: Ankle | VIEW LATEST PRICE | See Our Full Breakdown |
| Vans Men’s Atwood Sneaker |  | Best Understated Style | Fabric type: Canvas | Origin: Imported | Sole material: Rubber | VIEW LATEST PRICE | See Our Full Breakdown |
| New Balance Men’s 272 |  | Best Classic Style with Modern Support | Origin: Imported | Sole material: Rubber | Outer material: Suede | VIEW LATEST PRICE | See Our Full Breakdown |
| Etnies Jameson 2 Eco |  | Best Eco-Friendly Skate Shoe | Fabric type: 100% Textile | Origin: Imported | Sole material: Rubber | VIEW LATEST PRICE | See Our Full Breakdown |
| DVS Men’s Celsius Skate Shoe |  | Best for Durability and Comfort in a Minimalist Design | Fabric type: 100% Synthetic | Origin: Imported | Sole material: Rubber | VIEW LATEST PRICE | See Our Full Breakdown |
| Vans Men’s Chukka Push Shoes |  | Best for Style and Grip in Casual Skate Shoes | Origin: Imported | Sole material: Rubber | Outer material: Suede and Canvas | VIEW LATEST PRICE | See Our Full Breakdown |
| Vans Men’s Range EXP Shoe |  | Best for Versatile Outdoor and Daily Performance | Fabric type: Textile | Origin: Imported | Fur description: Fur Free | VIEW LATEST PRICE | See Our Full Breakdown |
| Nike SB Zoom Janoski OG+ |  | Best for Performance and Boardfeel in Skating | Style#: FD6757-001 | Sole material: Rubber | Outer material: Suede | VIEW LATEST PRICE | See Our Full Breakdown |
| Vans Men’s Caldrone Shoe |  | Best for Retro Style and Casual Comfort | VIEW LATEST PRICE | See Our Full Breakdown | |||
| DVS Men’s Comanche Skateboarding Shoe |  | Best Durable and Versatile Low-Top | Fabric type: Leather and Synthetic | Origin: Imported | Sole material: Rubber | VIEW LATEST PRICE | See Our Full Breakdown |
| DC Men’s Court Graffik Casual Low Top Skate Shoe Sneaker |  | Best Padded Comfort with Breathability | Fabric type: 100% Leather | Origin: Imported | Sole material: Rubber | VIEW LATEST PRICE | See Our Full Breakdown |
| skateboarding shoe | Sole material | Origin | Fabric type |
|---|---|---|---|
| New Balance Men’s 480 V1 Sneak | Rubber | Imported | — |
| Vans Men’s Brooklyn LS Sneaker | Rubber | Imported | — |
| Vans Men’s Atwood Sneaker | Rubber | Imported | Canvas |
| New Balance Men’s 272 | Rubber | Imported | — |
| Etnies Jameson 2 Eco | Rubber | Imported | 100% Textile |
| DVS Men’s Celsius Skate Shoe | Rubber | Imported | 100% Synthetic |
| Vans Men’s Chukka Push Shoes | Rubber | Imported | — |
| Vans Men’s Range EXP Shoe | Rubber | Imported | Textile |
| Nike SB Zoom Janoski OG+ | Rubber | — | — |
| Vans Men’s Caldrone Shoe | — | — | — |
| DVS Men’s Comanche Skateboardi | Rubber | Imported | Leather and Synthetic |
| DC Men’s Court Graffik Casual | Rubber | Imported | 100% Leather |
More Details on Our Top Picks
New Balance Men’s 480 V1 Sneakers
This model stands out for its combination of impact absorption and durability, making it a strong choice for skaters who prioritize comfort during long sessions. The molded Abzorb insole and padded collar provide a cushioned fit, while the full-length FuelCell midsole offers responsive support. Compared with the Vans Brooklyn LS, it sacrifices some style and breathability for enhanced impact protection, which is ideal for skaters who land hard tricks or need extra cushioning. The double-layered toe cap boosts durability but adds weight, and limited color options could be a downside for those wanting more style variety. This pick makes the most sense for skaters who need a comfortable, protective shoe that can handle impact and rough terrain without concern for lightweight or fashion-forward design.
Pros:- Impact-absorbing Abzorb insole for comfort
- Padded collar enhances ankle support
- Durable double-layered toe cap
- Good grip with endurance rubber
Cons:- Less breathable due to suede outer material
- Limited color options reduce style versatility
Best for: Skaters who prioritize impact protection and all-day comfort over style variety or breathability
Not ideal for: Skaters seeking lightweight shoes or those who want extensive color choices for style customization
- Origin:Imported
- Sole material:Rubber
- Outer material:Suede
- Inner material:Polyester
- Features:Padded collar, molded Abzorb insole, double-layered toe cap, FuelCell midsole, endurance rubber
Our verdict“A solid choice for skaters who need impact protection and durability in a comfortable, supportive shoe.”
Vans Men’s Brooklyn LS Sneakers
The Vans Brooklyn LS excels in style and everyday durability, making it perfect for skaters who want a classic look combined with reliable performance. Its canvas upper and vulcanized construction ensure a timeless vibe and long-lasting wear, especially compared to the more cushioned but bulkier New Balance 480 V1. While it may lack the impact protection of the New Balance, it provides enough support for casual skating and streetwear. The padded tongue and collar boost comfort during extended wear, but the lack of advanced cushioning or ankle support makes it less suitable for aggressive tricks. This shoe is best for skaters who prioritize style, versatility, and casual skateboarding over heavy impact absorption or technical support.
Pros:- Classic Vans signature styling
- Vulcanized construction for durability
- Comfortable padded tongue and collar
Cons:- Limited support for aggressive skating
- Fewer color options restrict customization
Best for: Skaters who want a stylish, durable shoe for street skating and daily wear
Not ideal for: Skaters doing high-impact tricks or needing maximum ankle support and cushioning
- Origin:Imported
- Sole material:Rubber
- Shaft height:Ankle
- Outer material:Canvas
Our verdict“Ideal for skaters who want a stylish, durable shoe suited for street skating and casual use.”
Vans Men’s Atwood Sneaker
The Vans Atwood offers a minimalist and versatile look, making it suitable for skaters who prefer simplicity and comfort for everyday activities. Its canvas upper and classic rubber sole provide durability comparable to the Brooklyn LS, but without the extra padding, which may lead to less comfort during prolonged sessions. Compared to the New Balance 480 V1, it lacks advanced impact protection, so it’s better suited for casual skating or light use. The branded tongue label and subtle styling make it a favorite for skaters who value understated aesthetics. However, it might not satisfy those needing significant arch support or impact cushioning for aggressive tricks. This shoe is best for skaters who prioritize style, comfort, and casual skating over technical performance.
Pros:- Clean, understated design
- All-day comfort
- Durable rubber sole
Cons:- Limited support for aggressive tricks
- Few color options for style variety
Best for: Casual skaters or those who want a simple, stylish daily wear shoe
Not ideal for: Skaters performing high-impact tricks or requiring extra support and cushioning
- Fabric type:Canvas
- Origin:Imported
- Sole material:Rubber
Our verdict“A great pick for skaters seeking a stylish, comfortable shoe for everyday wear and casual skating.”
New Balance Men’s 272
The New Balance 272 merges a stylish retro running aesthetic with skateboarding features, making it ideal for skaters who want a fashionable yet functional shoe. Its suede upper combined with a redesigned outsole offers improved board feel compared to traditional running shoes, while the vaulted heel construction provides extra support during tricks. Unlike the Vans Atwood, it offers better support and a more modern look, but the outsole’s durability for heavy skateboarding might be less than dedicated skate shoes. The supportive heel and stylish design make it a good choice for skaters who also want to wear their shoes for casual or streetwear purposes. However, its cushioning isn’t highlighted, which might make it less comfortable for all-day skating sessions. This shoe is best for skaters who value style and moderate impact support over maximum durability for aggressive tricks.
Pros:- Stylish blend of vintage and modern design
- Enhanced board feel with redesigned outsole
- Supportive vaulted heel construction
Cons:- Limited cushioning details
- Potentially less durable outsole for intense skating
Best for: Skaters looking for a stylish, supportive shoe suitable for casual skating and streetwear
Not ideal for: Heavy skaters or those performing intensive tricks that demand maximum durability and cushioning
- Origin:Imported
- Sole material:Rubber
- Outer material:Suede
- Inner material:Textile, Canvas, Suede
- Lining:Polyester
Our verdict“Ideal for skaters who want a stylish, supportive shoe that balances casual skating and streetwear style.”
Etnies Jameson 2 Eco
The Etnies Jameson 2 Eco stands out for its commitment to sustainability, making it a top choice for environmentally conscious skaters. Crafted from recycled textiles and vegan materials, it aligns with eco-friendly values without sacrificing performance. Its rubber cupsole and impact-absorbing sockliner provide comfort and support during long skate sessions, comparable to traditional shoes like the Vans Brooklyn LS. While the eco focus is appealing, it may have fewer color options, and the durability might be slightly less than non-eco shoes, especially under heavy use. This shoe is best suited for skaters who want to minimize their environmental footprint while maintaining decent impact absorption and support. However, those who skate aggressively or need maximum durability might find it less suitable.
Pros:- Made with recycled and vegan materials
- Impact-absorbing sole for comfort
- Supports environmental sustainability initiatives
Cons:- Limited color options
- Potentially less durable than conventional shoes
Best for: Eco-conscious skaters who want a sustainable, supportive shoe for casual and moderate skateboarding
Not ideal for: Skaters performing high-impact tricks or demanding maximum durability in their shoes
- Fabric type:100% Textile
- Origin:Imported
- Sole material:Rubber
- Laces:Certified organic cotton
Our verdict“A smart choice for skaters seeking an eco-friendly shoe that balances support and sustainability over heavy-duty use.”
DVS Men’s Celsius Skate Shoe
The DVS Men’s Celsius stands out for its durable synthetic construction, making it a reliable choice for skaters who prioritize longevity. Compared with the Vans Chukka Push, which offers a more stylish and versatile look, the Celsius focuses on resilience, though it sacrifices some cushioning details. Its simple lace-up closure and rubber sole deliver a secure fit and grip, but the lack of specific support or cushioning info is a downside for those needing extra shock absorption. This shoe is ideal for skaters who want a tough, no-frills option that withstands frequent sessions, but it may fall short for skaters requiring advanced comfort or support features.
Pros:- Durable synthetic fabric suitable for regular skate use
- Comfortable fit with traditional lace-up closure
- Stylish, understated design
Cons:- Limited information on cushioning or arch support
- No specific sizing details, which could affect fit
Best for: Skaters seeking a rugged shoe with a focus on durability and a comfortable fit without excessive weight
Not ideal for: Skaters who need extra cushioning or specialized support for long sessions or high-impact tricks
- Fabric type:100% Synthetic
- Origin:Imported
- Sole material:Rubber
- Shaft height:Not applicable
- Closure type:Lace-Up
Our verdict“A solid choice for skaters who want a durable, straightforward shoe that can handle the wear and tear of daily skateboarding.”
Vans Men’s Chukka Push Shoes
The Vans Chukka Push combines retro-inspired style with modern comfort, making it a favorite for everyday skaters who also want to look good off the board. Its suede and canvas uppers, along with the vulcanized construction, offer a durable yet flexible feel, especially when compared with the more performance-oriented Nike SB Zoom Janoski OG+. The padded collar and waffle outsole enhance comfort and grip, but the narrow fit may be problematic for skaters with wider feet. This shoe is perfect for casual skaters who prioritize style and grip but might not provide enough room or support for aggressive tricks or extended sessions.
Pros:- Retro-modern design with versatile style
- Comfortable fit with padded collar and flexible construction
- Excellent grip thanks to the waffle outsole
- Durable materials for everyday wear
Cons:- May run narrow, unsuitable for wider feet
- Limited color options
Best for: Casual skaters who want a stylish, comfortable shoe with good grip for daily use
Not ideal for: Skaters with wider feet or those needing a more supportive or roomier fit for aggressive tricks
- Origin:Imported
- Sole material:Rubber
- Outer material:Suede and Canvas
- Closure type:Lace-Up
- Design features:Puffy tongue, heel mustache logo, oversized hang flag
Our verdict“Ideal for casual skaters who value style and grip, but less suitable for those with wider feet or high-impact skate sessions.”
Vans Men’s Range EXP Shoe
The Vans Range EXP offers a strong blend of style, comfort, and outdoor performance, making it suitable for skaters who enjoy a mix of casual and active pursuits. Its textile upper and rubber sole provide a lightweight, breathable feel compared to leather or heavier materials, unlike the Caldrone‘s bulky design. The cushioned midsole and grippy outsole enhance comfort and stability, but it may lack the support needed for intense hiking or rough terrain. This shoe is well-suited for skaters who want a versatile option for both daily skating and outdoor adventures, though it might not satisfy those seeking maximum support or waterproof features.
Pros:- Versatile design suitable for multiple activities
- Comfortable with cushioned midsoles and padded collars
- Lightweight textile upper enhances breathability
- Recognizable Vans style with Sidestripe
Cons:- Limited support for rigorous outdoor terrain
- No clear waterproof features
Best for: Skaters who need a versatile shoe for casual skateboarding, walking, and light outdoor activities
Not ideal for: Skaters looking for maximum support for high-impact or technical outdoor skating, or those who prefer waterproof features
- Fabric type:Textile
- Origin:Imported
- Fur description:Fur Free
- Sole material:Rubber
Our verdict“A flexible, stylish choice for skaters who want a multi-purpose shoe that works both on and off the board.”
Nike SB Zoom Janoski OG+
The Nike SB Zoom Janoski OG+ stands out for its vulcanized construction and Zoom Air cushioning, making it a top pick for serious skaters focused on boardfeel and flick. Its design caters to those who prefer a more performance-oriented shoe, especially compared with the casual Vans Caldrone. The reengineered upper provides a better fit and comfort, though the suede material may require a break-in period. This shoe excels in responsiveness and grip, but the specialized design and cushioning might make it less versatile for casual wear or long sessions where extra support is needed. It’s best for skaters prioritizing performance over casual style.
Pros:- Vulcanized construction for flexibility and durability
- Zoom Air cushioning for responsive comfort
- Skate-specific tread for enhanced boardfeel and flick
- Improved fit with reengineered upper
Cons:- May require a break-in period due to suede upper
- Design may be too specialized for casual or everyday wear
Best for: Skateboarders seeking responsive, high-performance shoes with excellent boardfeel and flick
Not ideal for: Casual skaters or those needing maximum cushioning for long or high-impact sessions
- Style#:FD6757-001
- Sole material:Rubber
- Outer material:Suede
- Inner material:Textile
- Construction:Vulcanized
- Cushioning:Zoom Air
Our verdict“Perfect for advanced skaters who prioritize responsiveness and board control over casual style or maximum cushioning.”
Vans Men’s Caldrone Shoe
The Vans Caldrone boasts a bold, oversized 90s-inspired look with a chunky silhouette, making it a statement piece for casual skaters who prioritize comfort and style. Its vulcanized construction and waffle outsole provide solid grip, but compared with the Chukka Push’s more refined fit, the Caldrone can feel bulky and heavy—less ideal for aggressive tricks. Its padded tongue and collar ensure a cushy fit, yet the weight and size may hinder performance for high-impact or technical skating. This shoe is best suited for skaters who want a fashionable, comfortable everyday sneaker, not for those seeking agility or lightness for tricks.
Pros:- Retro oversized ’90s-inspired design
- Comfortable with padded tongue and collar
- Durable vulcanized construction
- Signature waffle outsole for grip
Cons:- Bulky and potentially heavy for aggressive skating
- Limited color options and potentially less agile
Best for: Casual skaters who want a stylish, comfortable sneaker with vintage appeal for everyday wear
Not ideal for: Skaters who perform technical tricks or need lightweight, high-performance skate shoes
Our verdict“A fashionable, comfortable shoe best suited for casual skaters who prioritize style over technical performance.”
DVS Men’s Comanche Skateboarding Shoe
The DVS Men’s Comanche stands out for its rugged construction, making it a reliable choice for skaters who prioritize longevity. Unlike the lightweight and highly ventilated DC Men’s Court Graffik, the Comanche focuses on durability with its leather and synthetic upper, which resists wear over time. While it offers a comfortable fit for long sessions, its limited details on sizing and features might leave some wanting more customization options. The low-top design is stylish and practical, but without advanced impact protection or a specialized grip pattern, it’s better suited for casual skateboarding rather than aggressive tricks. Compared to more feature-rich options, this shoe trades off technical enhancements for straightforward durability.
Pros:- Rugged, durable construction suitable for frequent skateboarding
- Comfortable fit that supports extended wear
- Stylish low-top design that transitions well to casual wear
Cons:- Limited information on specific sizing options or technological features
- No advanced impact or grip enhancements for technical tricks
Best for: Skaters who need a long-lasting, all-around shoe that can handle daily use without sacrificing style.
Not ideal for: Beginners or park skaters who require extra impact protection and more grip-specific features.
- Fabric type:Leather and Synthetic
- Origin:Imported
- Sole material:Rubber
- Shaft height:Low-top
Our verdict“This shoe is perfect for skaters seeking durability and style in a straightforward package, but it may fall short for those needing technical skate features.”
DC Men’s Court Graffik Casual Low Top Skate Shoe Sneaker
The DC Men’s Court Graffik excels in offering superb comfort, thanks to its padded tongue and collar, making it ideal for skaters who prioritize all-day wear. It differs from the DVS Comanche by emphasizing breathability with ventilation holes, which helps prevent overheating during long sessions. This model’s durable cupsole provides excellent support and stability, but the leather or suede upper requires more maintenance and may not be as resistant to heavy abrasion. While the limited color options might restrict style choices, the shoe’s supportive design makes it suitable for beginners or skaters in need of dependable comfort. It’s a solid choice for those who want a supportive shoe that remains stylish off the board, but less suited for aggressive tricks that demand more impact protection.
Pros:- Padded tongue and collar for maximum comfort
- Breathable ventilation holes to keep feet cool
- Durable cupsole for added support and stability
Cons:- Limited color selection may restrict style options
- Leather and suede materials demand higher maintenance and care
Best for: Casual skaters or beginners who need a comfortable, stylish shoe with reliable support for everyday use.
Not ideal for: Advanced skaters or those performing technical tricks requiring extra cushioning or grip-specific features.
- Fabric type:100% Leather
- Origin:Imported
- Sole material:Rubber
- Shaft height:Low-top
Our verdict“This shoe is best suited for skaters who value comfort and support over technical features or high-impact performance.”
How We Picked
Our selection process focused on evaluating performance, build quality, comfort, and value. We prioritized shoes that excel in grip, impact absorption, and durability—essential traits for skateboarding. We also considered user reviews and brand reputation to identify models that stand up to regular abuse. Shoes were ranked based on a careful balance between price and features, ensuring options suited for beginners, intermediate, and advanced skaters. This approach ensures that each pick offers a distinct advantage tailored to different skater needs.
Factors to Consider When Choosing Best Skateboarding Shoes
Choosing the right skateboarding shoes requires understanding key factors that influence performance and longevity. While style matters, features like grip, impact protection, fit, and durability are fundamental. Skaters often face tradeoffs: lighter shoes may be more comfortable but wear out faster, while thicker soles improve impact absorption but can reduce board feel. Considering your skill level, style preferences, and typical terrain can help narrow down the best options for your needs.
Grip and Traction
Good grip ensures control during tricks and maneuvers. Most skate shoes feature rubber outsoles designed for optimal traction, but the pattern and rubber compound vary. Some models prioritize enhanced grip for technical street skating, while others offer a more general-purpose tread. Keep in mind that softer rubber provides better grip but may wear faster, so balance your needs accordingly.
Impact Absorption and Cushioning
Skateboarding involves repetitive impacts, especially on landings. Shoes with thicker midsoles and padded insoles can reduce fatigue and prevent injury. High-impact areas, like the heel, benefit from specialized cushioning. However, excessive padding might compromise board feel. Choose a shoe with a balance of cushioning that suits your style—more padding for park tricks, less for street skating.
Durability and Material
Durability depends largely on materials—leather, suede, or synthetic uppers each have pros and cons. Leather offers longevity but can be heavier, while suede is lighter but may wear faster if not reinforced. Reinforced stitching and abrasion-resistant outsoles extend lifespan, especially for aggressive skating. Be mindful that more durable shoes often come at a higher price and may add weight.
Fit and Comfort
A perfect fit prevents blisters and improves control. Skate shoes should fit snugly without pinching, and consider the width if you have wider feet. Some models run small or narrow, so trying on different brands can save discomfort. Remember, comfort can diminish with prolonged use if the shoe lacks adequate arch support or cushioning, so prioritize fit for your foot shape and skating style.
Price and Value
Prices for skate shoes range widely, reflecting features and materials. While premium models offer superior construction and materials, many budget-friendly options perform well for casual skaters. Investing in a higher-priced shoe makes sense if you skate frequently or perform technical tricks that demand durability and support. Conversely, occasional skaters might prefer cost-effective models that still provide decent grip and comfort.
Frequently Asked Questions
How often should I replace my skate shoes?
Typically, skate shoes should be replaced after about 2-3 months of regular skating, or sooner if the grip has worn out or the cushioning is compressed. Recognizing signs like flattened soles, torn uppers, or loss of support helps prevent injuries and maintain performance. Frequent skaters might need to replace shoes more often, especially if they perform technical tricks that accelerate wear. Monitoring these signs ensures your shoes continue to protect your feet and support your tricks effectively.
Should I prioritize grip or impact protection?
Both grip and impact protection are vital, but your choice depends on your skating style. Street skaters who perform technical tricks will benefit from shoes with superior grip to maintain control. Park skaters jumping onto rails or ledges may need enhanced impact absorption to reduce stress on joints and feet. Ideally, look for a shoe that offers a good compromise—solid grip with enough cushioning to handle landings comfortably. Prioritizing one over the other can lead to faster wear or increased injury risk.
Are skate shoes suitable for everyday wear?
Many skate shoes are durable enough for daily wear, especially models with reinforced materials and sturdy outsoles. However, some prioritize performance over style or comfort, making them less ideal for extended casual use. If you want a shoe that doubles as a streetwear staple, look for models that combine style with durability, like Vans or New Balance options. Keep in mind that skate shoes with thicker soles may feel bulkier for walking long distances or office settings.
Can I use running shoes for skateboarding?
While running shoes might seem like a convenient option, they generally lack the grip, durability, and impact absorption needed for skateboarding. Running shoes often have softer soles that wear quickly on a skateboard and may not provide the lateral support needed for tricks. Investing in dedicated skate shoes ensures better control, longevity, and foot protection, making a noticeable difference in your skating experience.
How important is shoe weight for skateboarding?
Shoe weight can influence your agility and comfort during skating. Lighter shoes are easier to move in and can enhance trick execution, but they often sacrifice durability or padding. Heavier shoes tend to offer more support and wear resistance, but may cause fatigue over extended sessions. Consider your priorities—if technical tricks are your focus, lightweight models might suit you better, while heavier, more robust shoes are advantageous for aggressive park skating or all-day sessions.
Conclusion
For most skaters, the New Balance Men’s 480 V1 offers a reliable blend of support, durability, and comfort, making it the best overall choice. Budget-conscious beginners should consider models like the DVS Celsius for decent performance without breaking the bank. For those seeking a premium experience, the Nike SB Zoom Janoski OG+ delivers refined materials and superior construction. If style and versatility are priorities, classic Vans models like the Brooklyn LS stand out. Ultimately, your ideal skate shoe depends on your skill level, skating style, and budget, but this guide provides a solid starting point for making an informed choice.
